Common water treatment methods include:(one)Sediment filtration method(two)Hard water softening method(three)Activated carbon adsorption method(four)Deionization method(five)Reverse osmosis method(six)Ultrafiltration method(seven)Distillation method(eight)Ultraviolet method(nine)Biochemical methods, etc. Now, the principles and functions of these treatment methods will be explained one by one here.

　　Sediment filtration method

　　The purpose of sedimentation filtration is to thoroughly remove suspended particulate matter or colloidal substances from the water source. If these particulate substances are not cleaned up, they can cause damage to other precise filter membranes of dialysis water or even clog the waterways. Therefore, this step is often used in the preliminary treatment of water purification, or when necessary, several more filters are added to the pipeline(filter)To clean up larger impurities. There are many types of filters used to filter suspended particulate matter, such as mesh filters and sand filters(Such as quartz sand, etc)Or membrane filters, etc. As long as the particle size is larger than the size of these holes, they will be blocked. Ions dissolved in water cannot be blocked. If the filter has not been replaced or cleaned for too long, more and more particulate matter will accumulate on it, and the water flow and water pressure will gradually decrease. People use the difference between the inlet water pressure and the outlet water pressure to determine the degree of clogging of the filter. Therefore, the filter needs to be backflushed regularly to remove the impurities accumulated on it, and it should also be replaced at a fixed time.

　　There is another issue worth noting with the sediment filtration method, as particulate matter is constantly blocked and accumulates. These substances The surface may breed here and release toxic substances through the filter, causing a pyrogenic reaction. Therefore, the filter needs to be replaced frequently. In principle, when the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet water increases to five times the original, the filter needs to be replaced.

　　Hard water softening method

　　The softening of hard water requires the use of ion exchange method. Its purpose is to use cation exchange resin to exchange sodium ions for calcium and magnesium ions in hard water, thereby reducing the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in the water source. The softening reaction equation is as follows:

　　Ca2++2Na-EX→Ca-EX2+2Na+1

　　Mg2++2Na-EX→Mg-EX2+2Na+1

　　In the formulaEXIt represents ion exchange resins, and these ion exchange resins are combinedCa2+andMg2+After that, what was originally contained within itNa+Ions are released.

　　The ion exchange resins currently available on the market are spherical synthetic organic polymer electrolytes. Resin matrix(resin matrix)It contains sodium chloride. During the process of softening hard water, sodium ions will gradually be used up and exhausted, and the softening effect of the exchange resin will gradually decrease. At this time, reduction is required(regeneration)The work involved, that is, adding salt water of a specific concentration at fixed intervals, is generally10%The reaction mode is as follows:

　　Ca-EX2+2Na+　(Concentrated salt water)→　2Na-EX+Ca2+

　　Mg-EX2+2Na+　(Concentrated salt water)→　2Na-EX+Mg2+

　　If there is no cationic softening during the water treatment process, not only will calcium and magnesium deposits form on the reverse osmosis membrane, reducing its efficiency or even damaging it, but patients are also prone to developing hard water syndrome. Hard water softeners can also cause reproduction problems, so the equipment needs to have a backflushing function. It should be backflushed once after a period of time to prevent too many impurities from adhering to it. Another notable issue is hypernatremia, as the softening and rereduction process of dialysis water is*The timer is used for control. Under normal circumstances, the restoration effect mostly occurs in the middle of the night. This is*The valve is in control. If it malfunctions, a large amount of salt water will rush into the water source, which will then cause hypernatremia in the patient.